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75 Basic Networking Knowledge Questions

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  1. What is a link?
    A link refers to the connection between two devices. It includes the type of cable and the protocol used for one device to communicate with another.
  2. What are the layers of the OSI reference model?
    There are 7 layers in the OSI model: Physical Layer, Data Link Layer, Network Layer, Transport Layer, Session Layer, Presentation Layer, and Application Layer.
  3. What is a backbone network?
    A backbone network is centralized infrastructure designed to distribute routing and data to various networks. It also handles bandwidth management and various channels.
  4. What is a LAN?
    LAN stands for Local Area Network. It refers to the connection between computers and other network devices located in a small physical location.
  5. What is a node?
    A node is the point where the connection occurs. It can be a computer or device that is part of the network. Two or more nodes are required to form a network connection.
  6. What is a router?
    A router can connect two or more network segments. These are intelligent network devices that store information in their routing tables, such as paths, hop counts, etc. They determine the best path for data transmission. Routers operate at the OSI Network Layer.
  7. What is a point-to-point link?
    It refers to a direct connection between two computers on a network. A point-to-point connection does not require any other network devices besides connecting the cable to the NIC cards of both computers.
  8. What is anonymous FTP?
    Anonymous FTP is a way to grant users access to files in public servers. Users who access data in these servers do not need to identify themselves and log in as anonymous guests.
  9. What is a subnet mask?
    A subnet mask, combined with an IP address, identifies two parts: the extended network address and the host address. Like the IP address, the subnet mask consists of 32 bits.
  10. What is the maximum length allowed for UTP cable?
    The maximum allowed length for a single segment of UTP cable is 90 to 100 meters. This limitation can be overcome by using repeaters and switches.
  11. What is data encapsulation?
    Data encapsulation is the process of breaking information into smaller manageable chunks before transmitting it over the network. In this process, source and destination addresses along with parity are attached to the header.
  12. Describe network topology.
    Network topology refers to the layout of a computer network. It shows the physical arrangement of devices and cables and how they are connected to each other.
  13. What is a VPN?
    VPN stands for Virtual Private Network. This technology allows the creation of a secure channel over a network (like the Internet). For example, a VPN allows you to establish a secure dial-up connection to a remote server.
  14. What is NAT?
    NAT stands for Network Address Translation. This protocol provides a way for multiple computers on a public network to share a single connection to the Internet.
  15. What is the job of the Network Layer under the OSI reference model?
    The Network Layer is responsible for data routing, packet switching, and congestion control. Routers operate at this layer.
  16. How does network topology affect your decisions when setting up a network?
    Network topology determines what medium must be used to interconnect devices. It also serves as the basis for materials, connectors, and terminals to be used in the setup.
  17. What is RIP?
    RIP, short for Routing Information Protocol, is used by routers to send data from one network to another. It efficiently manages routing data by broadcasting its routing table to all other routers in the network. It determines network distance by hop count.
  18. What are the different ways to secure a computer network?
    Several methods can be used. Installing reliable and updated antivirus programs on all computers. Ensuring that firewalls are set and configured correctly. User authentication will also be of great help. All these combined will constitute a highly secure network.
  19. What is a NIC?
    NIC stands for Network Interface Card. This is a circuit board installed in a computer to enable it to connect to a network. Each NIC has its own MAC address for identification on the network.
  20. What is a WAN?
    WAN stands for Wide Area Network. It is an interconnection of computers and devices spread geographically. It connects networks located in different regions and countries.
  21. What is the importance of the OSI Physical Layer?
    The Physical Layer converts data bits into electrical signals and vice versa. It considers and sets up network devices and cable types.
  22. How many layers are there under TCP/IP?
    There are four layers: Network Layer, Internet Layer, Transport Layer, and Application Layer.
  23. What is a proxy server and how do they protect computer networks?
    Proxy servers primarily prevent external users from identifying the IP addresses of internal networks. Without knowing the correct IP address, even the physical location of the network cannot be identified. Proxy servers make networks almost invisible to external users.
  24. What is the function of the OSI Session Layer?
    This layer provides protocols and methods for two devices on a network to communicate with each other by holding a session. This includes setting up the session, managing information exchange during the session, and terminating the session when communication ends.
  25. What is the importance of implementing a fault-tolerant system? Is it limited?
    Fault-tolerant systems ensure continuous data availability. This is achieved by eliminating single points of failure. However, in some cases, this type of system will not protect data, such as accidental deletion.
  26. What does 10Base-T mean?
    The “10” refers to the data transfer rate, which is 10Mbps. “Base” refers to baseband. “T” stands for twisted pair, the type of cable used for this network.
  27. What is a private IP address?
    Private IP addresses are assigned for use on intranets. These addresses are used for internal networks and cannot be routed on external public networks. These ensure there are no conflicts between internal networks while private IP address ranges can be reused for multiple internal networks as they do not “see” each other.
  28. What is NOS?
    NOS, or Network Operating System, is specialized software whose primary task is to provide network connectivity to computers so they can communicate with other computers and connected devices.
  29. What is DoS?
    DoS, or Denial of Service attack, is an attempt to prevent users from accessing the internet or any other network services. This attack can take different forms and is often carried out by a group of perpetrators. One common method is overloading the system server so it can no longer handle legitimate traffic and is forced to reset.
  30. What is OSI, and what role does it play in computer networking?
    OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) serves as a reference model for data communication. It consists of 7 layers, each defining a specific aspect of how network devices connect and communicate. One layer may handle the physical medium used, while another dictates how data is actually transmitted across the network.
  31. What is the purpose of shielding and twisting the cables?
    The primary purpose is to prevent crosstalk. Crosstalk is electromagnetic interference or noise that may affect data transmitted through the cable.
  32. What are the advantages of address sharing?
    Using address translation instead of routing provides inherent security benefits. This is because internet hosts can only see the public IP address of the computer providing the address translation, not the private IP addresses on the internal network.
  33. What is a MAC address?
    MAC, or Media Access Control, uniquely identifies a device on the network. It is also known as the physical address or Ethernet address. A MAC address consists of 6 bytes.
  34. What are the equivalent layers or multiple layers of the TCP/IP Application Layer in terms of the OSI model?
    The TCP/IP Application Layer actually has three counterparts in the OSI model: the Session Layer, Presentation Layer, and Application Layer.
  35. How can you identify the IP class of a given IP address?
    By looking at the first octet of any given IP address, you can identify if it is Class A, B, or C. If the first octet begins with a 0 bit, the address is Class A. If it begins with bits 10, the address is Class B. If it begins with 110, then it is a Class C network.
  36. What is the main purpose of OSPF?
    OSPF, or Open Shortest Path First, is a link-state routing protocol that uses routing tables to determine the best path for data exchange.
  37. What is a firewall?
    A firewall is used to protect internal networks from external attacks. These external threats could be hackers trying to steal data or computer viruses that can instantly wipe out data. It also prevents users from accessing certain networks on the external network.
  38. Describe star topology.
    Star topology consists of a central hub that connects to nodes. This is one of the simplest setups to maintain.
  39. What is a gateway?
    A gateway provides a connection between two or more network segments. It is usually a computer that runs gateway software and provides translation services. This translation is the key that allows different systems to communicate on the network.
  40. What is a disadvantage of star topology?
    A major disadvantage of star topology is that once the central hub or switch is damaged, the entire network becomes unusable.
  41. What is SLIP?
    SLIP, or Serial Line Interface Protocol, is actually an old protocol developed during the early days of UNIX. It is one of the protocols used for remote access.
  42. Give some examples of private network addresses.
    • 10.0.0.0, subnet mask 255.0.0.0
    • 172.16.0.0, subnet mask 255.240.0.0
  43. What is tracert?
    Tracert is a Windows utility used to trace the route taken by data from the router to the target network. It also shows the number of hops taken during the entire transmission route.
  44. What is the role of a network administrator?
    A network administrator has many responsibilities, which can be summarized into 3 key functions: installing the network, configuring network settings, and maintaining/troubleshooting the network.
  45. Describe a disadvantage of peer-to-peer networking.
    When you are accessing a resource shared by a workstation on your network, that workstation’s performance decreases.
  46. What is a hybrid network?
    A hybrid network is a network setup that utilizes both client-server and peer-to-peer architecture.
  47. What is DHCP?
    DHCP stands for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. Its primary task is to automatically assign an IP address to devices on the network. It first checks for the next available address not yet occupied by any device and then assigns it to the network device.
  48. What is the main job of ARP?
    ARP, or Address Resolution Protocol, maps known IP addresses to MAC layer addresses.
  49. What is TCP/IP?
    TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. It is a set of protocol layers designed for data exchange over different types of computer networks, also known as heterogeneous networks.
  50. How can routers be used to manage networks?
    Routers have built-in consoles that allow you to configure different settings, such as security and data logging. You can assign restrictions for computers, such as which resources are allowed to access or specific times when they can browse the internet. You can even impose restrictions on websites that are not visible across the entire network.
  51. What protocol can be applied when you wish to transfer files between different platforms, such as between UNIX systems and Windows servers?
    FTP (File Transfer Protocol) can be used to transfer files between these different servers. This is possible because FTP is platform-independent.
  52. What is the use of a default gateway?
    A default gateway provides a method for the local network to connect to an external network. The default gateway used to connect to the external network is usually the address of the external router’s port.
  53. What can be considered a good password when protecting a network?
    A good password not only consists of letters but also a combination of letters and numbers. Passwords that combine uppercase and lowercase letters are more advantageous than those that use all uppercase or all lowercase letters. Passwords must not be easily guessed by hackers, such as dates, names, favorites, etc.
  54. What is the correct termination rate for UTP cable?
    The normal termination for unshielded twisted pair network cable is 100 ohms.
  55. What is Netstat?
    Netstat is a command-line utility. It provides useful information about the current TCP/IP settings of a connection.
  56. How many network IDs are there in a Class C network?
    For a Class C network, the number of available network ID bits is 21. The possible number of network IDs is 2 raised to 21, or 2,097,152. The number of host IDs per network ID is 2 raised to 8 minus 2, or 254.
  57. What happens when you use a cable longer than the specified length?
    Using a cable longer than specified can result in signal loss. This means data transmission and reception will be affected as the signal strength diminishes.
  58. What common software issues may cause network defects?
    Software-related issues can be any of the following or a combination: client-server problems, application conflicts, configuration errors, protocol mismatches, security issues, user policy and rights issues.
  59. What is ICMP?
    ICMP stands for Internet Control Message Protocol. It provides messaging and communication for protocols within the TCP/IP stack. It is also the protocol that manages error messages used by network tools like PING.
  60. What is Ping?
    Ping is a utility that allows you to check the connectivity between network devices on a network. You can ping a device using its IP address or device name, such as a computer name.
  61. What is P2P?
    P2P stands for Peer-to-Peer. It is a network where no servers are responding. All PCs on the network are individual workstations.
  62. What is DNS?
    DNS stands for Domain Name System. The main function of this network service is to provide hostname resolution for TCP/IP addresses.
  63. What are the advantages of fiber over other media?
    One major advantage of fiber is that it is less susceptible to electrical interference. It also supports higher bandwidth, meaning more data can be sent and received. Signal degradation over long distances is also minimal.
  64. What is the difference between a hub and a switch?
    A hub acts as a multi-port repeater. However, as more devices connect to it, it cannot efficiently manage the traffic passing through it. A switch provides a better alternative, especially when all ports are expected to have high traffic.
  65. What are the different network protocols supported by Windows RRAS services?
    Three major network protocols are supported: NetBEUI, TCP/IP, and IPX.
  66. What are the maximum networks and hosts for Class A, B, and C networks?
    • For Class A: 126 networks and 16,777,214 hosts
    • For Class B: 16,384 networks and 65,534 hosts
    • For Class C: 2,097,152 networks and 254 hosts
  67. What is the standard color order for straight-through cables?
    The standard color order is: Orange/White, Orange, Green/White, Blue, Blue/White, Green, Brown/White, Brown.
  68. What protocols fall under the TCP/IP Application Layer?
    The following are TCP/IP Application Layer protocols: FTP, TFTP, Telnet, and SMTP.
  69. You need to connect two computers for file sharing. Is it possible to do this without using a hub or router?
    Yes, you can connect two computers using a crossover cable. In this setup, the data transmission pins of one cable are connected to the data receiving pins of the other cable, and vice versa.
  70. What is ipconfig?
    Ipconfig is a utility often used to identify the address information of a computer on a network. It can display physical addresses as well as IP addresses.
  71. What is the difference between straight-through and crossover cables?
    Straight-through cables are used to connect computers to switches, hubs, or routers. Crossover cables are used to connect two similar devices, such as PC to PC or hub to hub.
  72. What is client/server?
    Client/server is a type of network where one or more computers act as servers. Servers provide a centralized repository of resources like printers and files. Clients are workstations that access the server.
  73. Describe a network.
    A network refers to the interconnection of computers and peripheral devices for data communication. Network connections can be made using wired cables or wireless links.
  74. When you move a NIC card from one PC to another, is the MAC address also transferred?
    Yes, because the MAC address is hardwired to the NIC circuit, not the PC. This also means that when the NIC card is replaced with another, the PC can have a different MAC address.
  75. Explain clustering support.
    Clustering support refers to the ability of a network operating system to connect multiple
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